Russian Journal of Biological Invasions

2011, issue № 2

CONTENTS

Adaptive mechanisms of distribution and quantity dynamics of Carassius auratus gibelio in the Ponto-Caspian region (on example of the Azov basin) - Abramenko M.I. - Historically, since the beginning of the XX till the beginning of XXI centuries an attempt was made to isolate the major adaptive mechanisms that determine the distribution and quantity dynamics of the silver crucian carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in the Ponto-Caspian region at various stages of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems functioning by the example of the Azov basin. Including the introduction of C. a. gibelio from the Amur River basin into the natural reservoirs of the region, as well as the rapid development of pond fish farming with penetration of the silver crucian carp as an additional facility for aquaculture. Until the mid of the XX century C. a. gibelio was small in quantity component of freshwater and firth fish communities of the Azov basin. Its populations were represented by the gynogenetic form. At the present stage due to the transformation of the genetic structure and domination of C. a. gibelio bisexual form dependence that governed the reproduction of previously prevalent unisexual-female form through direct communication with the number and spawning timing of males of related cyprinid species, has disappeared. In the period of 1980–1998 the quantity outbreak and area spreading of C. a. gibelio in the Azov basin due freshened waters of Taganrog and Temryuk bays of the Sea of Azov had observed. Due to multiple spawning, a broad food spectrum and high resistance to pollutants silver crucian carp assimilates actively into new habitats, being vacated by the previously major components of the fish community of the Azov basin. In the present period silver crucian carp by catch firmly entered the top of commercial semi-freshwater fishes of Russian part of the Azov basin. During the quantity outbreak periods the C. a. gibelio shoals, inhabiting the Temryuk bay, under favorable hydrological conditions perform extensive spawning migrations through the Kerch Strait along the Black Sea coastal zone of Taman Peninsula.

The adventive species of Crassulaceae - Byalt V.V. - The family Crassulaceae includes about 1700 species distributed almost cosmopolite in conditions of semiarid climate. Many of them are decorative or medicinal plants. In Europe about 400 species of this family are grown in protected and open ground [Knees et al., 1995]. In Russia many of them are grown in green houses or in the rooms but about 40 spp. – in open ground. Crassulaceae are not segetal weeds, but they can easily to escape by the availability of suitable habitats (rocks, ungrassed slopes or sands). That is why they rarely are naturalized on plains with prevalence of closed plant associations. Adventive Crassulaceae are known practically in all large regions of the world. In the zone of tropical forests pantropical weeds meets – Bryophyllum pinnatum (L.) L. f. &c., and some species as Kalanchoe laciniata и K. spathulata. In Australia 15 wild species of Tillaea and about 50 adventive species are known (Australian Plant Census, 2010). – Aeonium (2), Bryophyllum (8), Cotyledon orbiculata, Crassula s.l. (13), Kalanche (3), Sedum (8) and Tillaea (3). Many adventive species meets in New Zealand (13 wild species of Tillaea and about 30 naturalized species – Aeonium (5), Bryophyllum (2), Cotyledon orbiculata, Crassula s.l. (3), Greenovia aurea, Hylotelephium spectabile, Kalanchoe grandiflora, Rochea coccinea, Sedum s.l. (9) and Tillaea decumbens. Among them are large number of escaped species from Canarian islands (6), because of the resemblance of natural conditions of these groups of islands [Webb et al., 1988]. In South America Crassulaceae timed to mountains regions (spp. of Echeveria, Villadia and Sedum), only species of Tillaea meets in plains. Between adventive species – Sedum acre and S. rupestre [Zardini, 1971; Zuloaga, 1999]. In tropics of South America – Bryophyllum pinnatum and Kalanchoe spathulatum. In North America (included Mexico) about 300 species of Crassulaceae meets. By this in USA and Canada 31 escaped species meets – Aeonium (3), Bryophyllum (5), Cotyledon (2), Hylotelephium (2), Jovibarba (1), Kalanchoe (3), Phedimus (3), Sedum (9), Sempervivum (1), Tillaea (2). In Africa wild [1] also are numerous (ca. 350 spp.), but adventive species are scanty (Bryophyllum pinnatum, B. fedtschenkoi, B. tubiflorum, Aeonium arboretum и др.). Eurasia, especially in Europe are notable for large diversity of adventive species. Here Aichryson laxum (Portugal), Aeonium arboretum (Mediterranean region), Tillaea campestris and Crassula ovata (Spain), Sedum multiceps (Corse and south of France) &c. are naturalized. In Middle and North Europe – species of Sedum s.l. and Sempervivum. In Scandinavia – Hylotelephium anacampseros, H. ewersii, Aizopsis aizoon, A. hybrida, A. kamtschatica, Sedum hispanicum, S. pallidum, S. lydium, Sempervivum arachnoideum, S. tectorum, Phedimus spurius, Ph. stoloniferus &c. [Jalas et al., 1999]. In Siberia and Far East, Sedum acre and S. hispanicum are escaped. Some species – in Japan and China (Bryophyllum pinnatum, Sedum acre, S. hispanicum, S. pallidum, etc.). In the East Europe – Phedimus spurius, Ph. crenatus, Ph. stoloniferus, Sedum reflexum, S. forsterianum, S. lineare, S. sexangulare, Hylotelephium erythrostictum, Aizopsis hybrida, A. kamtschatica, Sempervivum tectorum и др.). Now S. reflexum actively are escaped (in Crimea, in environs of Mariupol, Belgorod and Volgograd regions, on Caucasus). Crassulaceae often are cultivated in cemeteries (ca. 40 spp. in environs of St-Petersbourg) and where they sometimes are escaped along ditches and in ruderal places (Phedimus spurius, Aizopsis hybrida, Sedum sexangulare). In Volgograd region we collected escaped Jovibarba globifera, Sedum reflexum and S. sexangulare near cemeteries.
Adventive Crassulaceae belongs to neophytes and colonophytes (rare to ephemerophytes). Historically they became more or less in mass to spread outside their main areals only beginning with XV–XVI centuries, but especially in XIX–XX centuries by influence of antropogenetic factor. Limited factor for its wide naturalization in East Europe is the absence of suitable habitats (rocks and stony slopes). The majority of adventive species of Crassulaceae meets near from places of its cultivation (the first stage of naturalization) – in Botanical gardens, grounds, parks and cemeteries. But some allien Crassulaceae are known along railways and along roadsides.

Adventive species of family Caprifoliaceae s.l. in territiry of Saint-Petersbourg and Leningrad region - Byalt A.V., Byalt V.V. - The family Caprifoliaceae s.l. are represented on the territory of North-West of Russia by 4 genera and 6 native species (Tsvelev, 2000). By our data 16 adventive species of family Caprifoliaceae s.l. are revealed in the territory of St-Petersbourg and Leningrad region: Sambucus ebulus L. S. nigra L., S. racemosa L., S. sibirica Nakai, Viburnum lantana L., V. lentago L., Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksd., Lonicera caprifolium L., L. chamissoi Bunge ex P. Kirillow, L. chrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb., L. involucrata (Richards.) Banks ex Spreng., L. karelinii Bunge ex P. Kirilow, L. nigra L., L. periclymenum L., L. tatarica L., Diervilla lonicera Mill. In St. Petersbourg and Leningrad region species of Caprifoliaceae are represented in all stages of naturalization – appearance of the self-planting around plantings in Botanical Gardens and Arboretums, appearance of escaped plants outside of the culture, and, in last stage, inculcation of introduced plants in nature communities and the appearance of new plant formations. In spite of the different origin, all species are well-adapted to local nature and climatic conditions of the Russian North-West.

Acer negundo L. in coastal phytocenoses of the Vorona river - Emelyanov A.V., Frolova S.V. - The results of an estimation of domination of separate kinds of wood-shrubby vegetation in coastal phytocenoses of the Vorona River are presented. The data obtained are indicating an expressed expansion of an alien kind, Acer negundo L., and its considerable invasive potential. The estimation of structure and degree of intensity of domination of the Acer negundo L. in coastal phytocenoses of the Vorona River is given.

Nonindigenous species in the Far-Eastern seas of Russia - Zvyagintsev A.Yu., Radashevsky V.I., Ivin V.V., Kashin I.A., Gorodkov A.N. - Nonindigenous species in the Russian waters of the Sea of Japan have been studied in the recent decades, but the data on those species in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea are scarce. An annotated list of 66 nonindigenous species being on various stages of acclimatization in the Far-Eastern seas of Russia is presented for the first time.

Distribution of alien species in open shallow waters of Saratov reservoir - Zinchenko T.D., Kurina E.M. - The lack of up-to-date information on the spatial dynamics of alien species in the deep-water zones of the Saratov Reservoir determined the aim of our study, which was to describe the species composition and to assess the distribution of alien species in the Saratov Reservoir using the data of survey monitoring (June of 2006, 2009).

Biological features of nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) of the local population of Ushakovka river - Klevakin A.A., Loginov V.V., Moreva O.A., Tarbeyev M.L. - In ichthyofauna of Cheboksary Reservoir and its basin reservoirs currently are 21 invasive species. One of the naturalized species is nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius Linnaeus 1758, which formed the local population in Ushakovka River. Biology of P. pungitius of Cheboksary reservoir basin has not yet been described. In this article, marked biological features of P. pungitius population of Ushakovka River during the observation period in 2003 revealed that during this period there were significant changes in the distribution and abundance of P. pungitius, some of its morphological characteristics. Particularly interesting is the adaptation of P. pungitius to new environmental conditions and its survival in the anomalous long dry period over high heat of summer 2010.
In general, P. pungitius successfully naturalized in Ushakovka River, but the stability of its population is exposed to external factors – changes in hydrological conditions in connection with the construction of artificial barriers, the hydrochemical regime due to runoff from asphalt plant, drying up of individual sections of the river in dry years. This led to the presence of biological features of P. pungitius population Ushakovka River.

The yearly variations in the portion of natural hybrids of bream Abramis brama (L.) and roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) in Rybinsk reservoir - Kodukhova Yu.V. - The occurrence of hybrids in the reservoir can serve as one of the most important indices of reproduction conditions in fish population. During their study in natural reservoir not only the special features of species multiplication, probably capable of the hybridization under the given conditions, but also the conditions at the moment of spawning (temperature and the water level) is necessary to be considered. The study of two spawning grounds (mouth of the river Shumarovka and Krasnyi Ruchei) with the low (2003) and high (2004, 2008 and 2009) water levels, with the wide fluctuations in temperature at the period of spawning (2004 and 2008) and the delay of the warming up to spawning temperatures (2003 and 2009) were carried out . On both spawning grounds the young hybrids were discovered only in 2003. In 2004 they were not discovered in any of investigated spawning grounds, in 2008-only in the region of Krasnyi Ruchei, and in 2009-only in the mouth of the river Shumarovka. According to the obtained data, the low level and the delay of the warming up of water on the spawning grounds at the moment of spawning a great bulk of bream and roach is multiplied in the overall sections of the reservoir. With the increased water level and the agreement of the periods of spawning the given sections are mainly used by roach and the appearance of young hybrids with the bream is single and has a fortuity nature.

Distribution of amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877) in Belarus - Lukina I.I. - The distribution of the alien fish species Amur sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877 was studied in the waterbodies and streams of Belarus. The Amur sleeper has been recorded for the first time in Belarus in the middle 1970s. Currently this alien species has widely spread in the country and recorded within all main river basins. Most of the records of P. glenii in Belarus are small ponds of various types. The introduction is the important factor of the spreading of the species in the studied area.

Influence of environment mineral composition on the indices of water-salt metabolism in established in Rybinsk reservoir Dreissena polymorpha Pallas - Martemyanov V.I. - Threshold levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium in the water, determining the borders of the range of D. polymorpha in fresh reservoirs, make 0.07; 0.0015; 0.3; 0.01 mmol/l, accordingly. Reduction of mineralization of water causes a decrease in concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium in hemolymph and tissues, and an increase in calcium in hemolymph. Moving of zebra mussel into freshwater reservoirs is limited by the content of calcium in water. The upper marginal levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium in the environment, determining the borders of the range of D. polymorpha in saltish water, constitute 22; 0.9; 6.4; 2.7 mmol/l, accordingly. Under such conditions, the content of sodium in hemolymph and muscles, potassium and magnesium in hemolymph increases in zebra mussel. In comparison with native species, D. polymorpha is less steady to a level of potassium in water. Display of hyponatremia and hypercalcemia in bivalves in reply to extreme actions is a criterion for estimation of effect of environmental adverse factors. The data received specify a probability of freshwater origin of zebra mussel of the Rybinsk reservoir. For this problem solution, a complex of concrete studies is suggested to be carried out.

Structural characteristics of the caspian invader - the leech Archaeobdella esmonti Grimm in Rybinsk reservoir - Perova S.N. - The representative of the Caspian fauna – the leech Archaeobdella esmonti Grimm was marked for the first time in Rybinsk Reservoir in June 2009. Its maximal abundance was registered on the biotope of grey silt with shell rock (a depth of 14 m). Size-mass characteristics of the A. esmonti out of the Rybinsk Reservoir varied greatly depending on the season of observations. The maximal sizes of individuals exceeded the pointed ones for mesohalinic waterbodies at great extent.

Invader Oithona brevicornis Giesbrecht (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in the Black and the Azov seas - Selifonova Zh.P. - The pattern of distribution and biology of a new species of cyclopoid copepod – O. brevicornis has been studied in the northeastern shelf of the Black Sea. It is considered that establishment of species will probably change trophic structure of mesozooplankton in the neritic zone. In late August – November 2010 O. brevicornis was a predominated species in mesozooplankton, reaching 80–85% of its total amount. In September its maximal density in the Novorossiysk Bay reached 30 thousand ind./m³, in the Gelendzhik and the Anapa Bays, Lake Snake (Big Utrish) – 22–27.6 thousand ind./m³. In August 2010 O. brevicornis was recorded in the Sea of Azov. In the period of pick of reproduction of the pelagic predator ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Temruyk Gulf its abundance varied from 0.004 up to 0.6 thousand ind./m³.

Peculiarities of population structure of alien fish species in Kuybyshev water reservoir - Semenov D.Yu. - The article presents data on the time of invasion of alien fish species into Kuybyshev water reservoir, their gender and age structure. It has been found out that all the alien fish species in Kuybyshev water reservoir refer to short-cycle ones, their maximum age being no more than 5 years. The species that had invaded the water reservoir earlier, predominantly have a settled gender and age structure with the domination of females or the equal correlation; and the species which invaded the water reservoir later are marked by the domination of males.