Russian Journal of Biological Invasions

2018, issue № 4

CONTENTS

First data about helminths in mollusc - Anadara, Anadara kagoshimensis Tokunaga, 1906 (Mollusca: Bivalvia), invader for the Back-Azov Sea basin - Belousova  Yu.V.,  Slynko Yu.V. -The invasion of helminths into the anadara - invader in the coastal regions of the Black and Azov seas is analyzed. The first information on the presence of helminths in bivalve mollusks Anadara kagoshimensis in the Azov Sea is presented. Sporocysts of trematodes with embryonic globules were found in the anadara near the Peninsula Arabatskaya Strelka. Quantitative indicators of infection of anadars with trematodes in this water area are presented. It is suggested that anadara is the first alternate host for detected trematodes. The probable role of anadara as a promising mass host of helminths of the Black Sea-Azov basin is discussed.

Relative growth rate and its components in invasive species Heracleum sosnowskyi and congeneric native H. sibiricum - Betehtina  A.A.,  Ronzhina  D.A.,  Ivanova  L.A.,  Malygin  M.V.,  Ivanov  L.A. -We studied the relative growth rate of seedlings, aboveground and underground organs, as well as functional traits of leaves and absorbing roots in the invasive species Heracleum sosnowskyi and congeneric native species H. sibiricum. The plants were grown in laboratory conditions and the parameters of 21- and 35-day-old seedlings were analyzed. The relative growth rate (RGR) of H. sosnowskyi differed from that of H. sibiricum by 2.5 times, but the growth rate of plants in height and in the leaves area was similar. Plant biomass and total leaf area were twice as high in 35-day-old seedlings of invasive species. Structural features of the leaves in H. sosnowskyi 35-day-old seedlings were a lower leaf thickness and a higher leaf density. Invasive species had a lower root mass ratio, but its roots were more branched with a greater ratio of absorbing roots and a better development of the root hairs. As a result, H. sosnowskyi had a higher growth rate of absorbing roots (by 2 times) and a larger absorbing surface in relation to total root surface. We concluded that the structural and functional traits of the leaves and roots provided a twice higher net assimilation rate (NAR) and 2.5 times larger RGR in the invasive species H. sosnowskyi.

Morphology of the nauplii and duration of naupliar development of the Black sea alien species Oithona Davisae Ferrari and Orsi, 1984 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)in laboratory culture- Drapun  I.E.,  Khanaychenko  A.N.  -Descriptions, original drawings and digital photos, and also the key for identifying naupliar stages of recent invader species in the Black Sea Oithona davisae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) are presented. Nauplii were taken from laboratory culture originated from the off-springs of O. davisae females selected from living zooplankton sampled in Sevastopol Bay. Copepods were reared under natural illumination, temperature of 21 ± 2 °C, and feeding with cryptophyte culture IBSS-CrPr54 (ESD=10.9 ± 1.4 μm) (mean concentration constituted 6×10³ cells ml^–1; 0.7 μg C ml^–1). Duration of development from the first nauplia stage (N1) to the first copepodite (C1) stage was 5.3 ± 0.7 days (N1–N3 – 1 day; N3–N4 – 1 day; N4–C1 – 3.3 days).

The trematode fauna of Ponto-Caspian gobies (Pisces, Gobiidae) in the Saratov reservoir- Mineeva  O.V.-The trematode fauna of three species of gobies – round goby, bighead goby and tubenose goby (Pisces, Gobiidae) - was studied in the middle part of the Saratov reservoir. Twelve species of flukes were recorded, two of which (metacercariae Holostephanus cobitidis and Apatemon gracilis) are specific to the gobies family of Gobiidae. Most of the registered parasites are widespread species. The larval forms of the worms prevailed in all examined samples of fish. The trematode fauna of the gobies under study is characterized by a significant similarity of the species composition.

Appearance and distribution of new alien species in macrozoobenthos in the upper Volga reservoirs- Perova  S.N.,  Pryanichnikova  E.G.,  Zhgareva  N.N.-The results of the studies of macrozoobenthos in the Upper Volga reservoirs in 2009–2015 are presented. New habitats of alien species Lithoglyphus naticoides, Quistadrilus multisetosus, and Archaeobdella esmonti have been found. The dynamics of distribution and quantitative abundance of these invaders in the Volga reservoirs has been monitored. The mollusk of the genus Corbicula has been detected in the Gorky Reservoir for the first time.

Embryonic and larval intracapsular development of Rapa whelk  Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) - Pirkova  A.V.,  Ladygina  L.V. -The duration of embryonic and larval intracapsular development of Rapana venosa, an invader into the Black Sea, was studied in experimental conditions under the water temperature equal to 23 °C and salinity equal to 18‰. The day by day development of embryos and larvae in egg capsules is presented. Release of larvae from egg capsules was noted on the 19th–20th day from the moment of the egg laying. The morphology of egg capsule walls and micropores is described, and microphotographs of them are presented. The revealed elements of R. venosa reproductive strategy explain high adaptive capacity and wide distribution of the species.

Parasitoids of the Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) - Romanov  D.A. -The Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis is a rapidly spreading invasive species of coccinellids. Parasitoids can be considered in connection with the prospects of their use for controlling the population of H. axyridis. In the first years of global invasion, which began in 1996, this species did not experience significant parasitoid pressure in the occupied territories, but several years after the invasion, an increase in the proportion of infected by parasitoids beetles in invasive populations on all continents was observed. In this paper an overview of current data of all known parasitoids of H. axyridis is given and their role as regulators of the number of invasive populations of this beetle is described.

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Efficiency of the application of UV + VUV irradiation for prevention of single-cell invasiations carried by ballast waters of ships - Fokanov  V.P.,  Gavrilova  O.V.,  Fokanov  A.V. - Results of an experiment on modeling of decontamination of the ballast water (BW) of vessels contaminated with a unicellular galofilny alga of Dunaliella terricola by irradiation with wave lengths of 254 nanometers and 185 nanometers of the mercury arc lamp of low pressure (LLP) are presented. The experiment models the filling of BW tank by the sea water contaminated with Dunaliella terricola through the unit of decontamination, storage within five days in the BW tank imitating navigation of the vessel, and dumping of the BW through the unit in the port of arrival.Decontamination of contaminated BW is executed according to technology of modern oxidizing processes (Advanced Oxidative Processes, AOP) with participation of ozone and peroxide of hydrogen, acquired in water with a radiation of line of 185 nanometers. It is experimentally established that the suggested method of processing of model ballast water stops reproduction of a test object. The executed research shows prospects of application of UF+VUF irradiation for prevention of transfer by BW of alien single-cell organisms and their invasions into local biocenoses.

Morphofunctional characteristic of solar perch Lepomis Gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) ovary in conditions of Kuchurgan reservoir (cooling water reservoir of Moldavian hydropower station) -Fulga N.I.,  Toderash  I.K.,  Bulat Dm.E., Bulat Den.E.,  Railyan N.K. - The results of studies of the reproductive system in mature females ofsolar perchLepomisgibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Centrarchidae)during spawning in the Kuchurgan Reservoir (Liman), a cooling water reservoir of the Moldavian Hydropower Station,are presented. This invasive species is characterized by the asynchronous development of germ cells in the ovary. In the case of three-time spawning occurring during May-July, a decrease in the relative mass of the gonads of subsequent generations was observed in females, which led consistently to a decrease in the gonad and somatic index value before the second and the third spawning. This is confirmed by a decrease in the mass of eggs and relative mass of gonads during the formation of the second and third portions of the eggs in the occurring breeding season. Femaleswith serious deterioration of gonad developmentwere revealed.

The first finding of live molluscs of Corbicula fluminalis (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in Dagestan sector  of the Caspian Sea basin -Khlopkova  M.V.,  Guseynov  K.M.,  Gasanova  A.Sh.,  Barkhalov  R.M.,  Zurkhaeva  U.D.,  Guseynov  M.K. - For the first time living individuals of Corbicula fluminalis (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Veneroida: Corbiculidae) were found in the basin of the Dagestan sector of the Caspian Sea. On the 19^th of April, 2018 and the 21^st of June, 2018, three specimens of this species were registered in benthic samples of the northern part of the Agrakhan Bay having a natural connection with the sea.

Evaluation of Heracleum sosnowskyi frost resistance after snow cover removal in early spring -Chadin  I.F.,  Dalke  I.V.,  Malyshev  R.V. - The development of environmentally safe and cost-effective methods of invasive species Sosnowski's Hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.) control is a very actual task for the European part of Russia. The results of an experiment on the effect of snow cover removal on the areas occupied by H. sosnowskyi in the early spring period (the beginning of March 2018) in the vicinity of the city of Syktyvkar (Komi Republic, Russia) are presented. The snow cover reached a height of 100 cm on the intact plots, the sum of negative air temperatures measured at 6.00 a.m. constituted –448 °C, with a minimum of –29.0 °C during the experiment. The number of H. sosnowskyi plants of all age groups at the experimental plots (with removed snow cover) was shown to be significantly decreased. The median seedlings density (pcs. per square meter) was equal to zero. Most of survived plants were located along the sides and in the corners of experimental plots. This can be explained by the higher temperature of soil on plots borders with an intact snow cover.

The results of the experiment may be used for development of invasive plant eradication technology by removing of the snow cover. This technology will be demanded on the territories of kindergartens, schools, hospitals, water protection zones, where the use of chemical methods of plant control is limited or prohibited. The obtained data set of H. Sosnowskyi monitoring is available in repository of Zenodo.

Invasive activity of woody plants in the Tsytsyn Botanical Garden of the RAS - Yatsenko  I.O.,  Vinogradova  Yu.K. - The object of the study is the arboretum of the Tsytsyn Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), which was founded in 1945. The invasive activity is extremely low: 66 taxa from 35 genera belonging to 22 families (5% of the collection fund) are capable to «escaping» from the arboretum. The highest rate of naturalization was observed in the families of Juglandaceae and Rosaceae, whose fruits are disseminated through zoochoria. The greatest capacity for naturalization (5.3%) was demonstrated by plants with European distribution range, Asiatic (3.4%) and North American (3.0%) plants were less naturalized. Within more than 70 years, only 1.1% of the deliberately introduced species were found outside the arboretum in natural cenoses persisted in the MBG RAS. Some seedlings have characters intermediate between collection species and appear to be hybrids.

It is concluded that, contrary to the literature data, botanical gardens are not a direct pathway for invasion of alien species. Although many invasive species have appeared in the «new homeland» due to intentional introduction, their invasion to natural communities must be attributed not to primary introductions, but to their further massive cultivation.